Trends in dietary intakes of vitamins A, C and E among Japanese men and women from 1974 to 2001.

OBJECTIVE To investigate long-term trends in dietary intakes of vitamins A, C and E in Japanese adults. DESIGN Time series by community-based nutrition survey. SETTING Two rural communities (Ikawa and Kyowa) between 1974 and 2001 in Japan. SUBJECTS A total of 3713 men and 3726 women aged 40-69 years. METHODS Dietary intake data were collected by the 24 h dietary recall. RESULTS In Ikawa, mean intake of vitamin A (beta-carotene and retinol) increased by 13-40%; vitamins C and E increased by approximately 23-33% among men and women from 1974-1977 to 1998-2000. In Kyowa, mean intake of vitamin A, primarily retinol, increased by 13-21% among men and women; vitamin C from fruits decreased by 16% among men; and vitamin E increased by 29% among women from 1982-1986 to 1998-2001. Mean intake of vitamin E in the latest survey period was lower than the Adequate Intake among men and women in both communities. Generally, there were increased intakes of beta-carotene and vitamin C from green/yellow and other vegetables; increased retinol intake from fish/shellfish, eggs, milk/dairy products and fats/oils; and increased vitamin E intake from green/yellow and other vegetables, fish/shellfish, eggs, milk/dairy products and fats/oils. CONCLUSIONS Mean intakes of the antioxidant vitamins A, C and E increased among middle-aged Japanese men and women between the 1970s and the 1990s except for decreased vitamin C among Kyowa men. The lower mean intake of vitamin E than the Adequate Intake should be considered a potential public health issue for the prevention of CVD.